Biological aging is a complex, multifaceted process characterized by the gradual decline of physiological and cognitive functions over time. While certain hallmarks of biological aging,

The practice of anesthesia requires clinicians to interpret subtle patient responses while managing complex pharmacology. Traditionally, anesthesiologists relied on physiologic markers such as heart rate,

A smooth postoperative recovery reduces complications, shortens hospital stays, and minimizes long-term health risks. Whether it follows a minor outpatient procedure or a major surgery,

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is a clear, colorless fluid that surrounds the brain and spinal cord, providing nutrient delivery, structural support, and metabolic assistance. In addition

In the United States, the employment structure of physicians, including anesthesiologists, varies significantly across states due to differences in legal and regulatory frameworks. In most

Pulmonary aspiration under anesthesia is a potentially catastrophic event characterized by the entry of gastric contents into the tracheobronchial tree, leading to chemical pneumonitis, obstruction,

Sleep apnea syndrome refers to a constellation of findings deriving from frequent episodes of apnea (i.e., non-breathing) and hypopnea (i.e., ineffective breathing) during sleep.1 There

Skin tags, medically known as acrochordons, are small, benign growths of skin that commonly appear in areas where skin folds, such as the neck, armpits,

The perioperative period may involve transferring patients between different areas or changing their position, as patients are often prepared in a different location than the

The immune system, a complex network of cells, tissues, and organs, is the body’s primary line of defense against pathogens and disease. Various medications have

Propofol is a widely used intravenous anesthetic agent known for its rapid onset and short duration of action. It is commonly used for induction and

Desflurane, once hailed as a revolutionary volatile anesthetic for its rapid onset and recovery times, is increasingly falling out of favor in modern anesthetic practice.

Epidural anesthesia is an important technique that is widely used in a variety of medical procedures, particularly in obstetrics for labor pain management and during

Unintentional endobronchial, or “main stem,” intubation is a complication that can occur during the administration of general anesthesia, particularly in emergency situations. This condition involves

First synthesized in 1962 as an offshoot of phencyclidine, ketamine quickly became a staple in both veterinary and human medicine due to its unique properties

In the realm of anesthesia and surgery, the choice between using a laryngeal mask airway (LMA) or endotracheal intubation (ETT) has been a subject of

Preparing for surgery is not just about following your doctor’s instructions, but also about setting yourself up for the best outcome. Smoking is a critical

A tonsillectomy is the surgical removal of the tonsil and its capsule, which requires dissecting the peritonsillar space between the tonsil capsule and the muscular

The administration of anesthesia for neurosurgical cases presents unique challenges and considerations, distinguishing it from anesthesia for surgeries involving other systems of the body. Neurosurgical

Drug diversion is a critical issue that affects the general population of the United States, as well as the healthcare industry. This phenomenon involves the

Neuromuscular blockade plays a pivotal role in surgeries, and critical care interventions, where temporary paralysis is necessary for optimal patient outcomes. The induced paralysis is

Breast surgery is performed for cosmetic reasons, benign lump excision, abscess draining, and breast cancer treatment (Sherwin & Buggy, 2018). Awake breast surgery, a procedure

Postoperative pain is a common and often inevitable consequence of surgical procedures. Proper pain management is crucial not only for the patient’s comfort but also

Medication error is a preventable cause of morbidity and mortality in medicine—and anesthesia is no exception. An Institute of Medicine (IOM) report highlights that between 44,000

Local anesthesia is a commonly used medication that numbs a specific area of the body, preventing pain during surgical procedures or medical interventions. Unlike general